SECTION ‘A’

Q.1

Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). What is "Geostrophic Wind"? Explain the relationship between barometric slope and air circulation.
b). What is ocean ranching? How are aqua-cowboys related to such activities?
c). Explain the natural processes of soil enrichment and its impact on food production.
d). How is 'Deep Ecology' as a concept different from "Shallow Ecology"? Explain.
e). What are the environmental implications of economic geology? Discuss.

Q.2

Answer the following:
a). "Evidences from paleomagnetism and sea floor spreading have validated that continents and ocean basins have never been stationary." Elucidate with suitable diagrams.
b). Explain the characteristics and weather conditions associated with 'Anticyclones' giving suitable examples.
c). How are ocean currents generated? Discuss their effects on coastal climates with special reference to the Pacific Ocean.

Q.3

Answer the following:
a). What are the causes of the origin of local winds? Discuss their significance on prevailing weather and climate in various regions with suitable examples.
b). Define Peneplains. Describe the landscape features associated with peneplains under different geomorphic cycles.
c). What are the factors affecting regional ecological changes? How do these affect human Health?

Q.4

Answer the following:
a). Give an account of marine resources and their economic significance. How has marine pollution affected such resources?
b). Differentiate between the characteristics of organic horizons and mineral horizons in a generalized soil profile.
c). How does inversion of temperature occur? Explain its significance on local weather with suitable examples.

SECTION ‘B’

Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Explain the sequential development of areal differentiation as a fundamental concept in Human Geography.
b). Discuss critically food and nutrition problems associated with the developing world.
c). Human migration is a reflection of the balance between push and pull factors. Elaborate with reference to the most recent diaspora.
d). Has Malthusian Theory been discredited in contemporary times? Justify your answer.
e). Discuss the different types of polarization induced spatial inequalities and imbalances associated with growth poles.

Answer the following:
a). Explain the problems and prospects of urban expansion in the context of urban fringe in developed and developing nations.
b). What is the relation between gender equity and human development? Provide a list of commonly used gender related indices.
c). Explain population, resource use and development nexus in the Limits to Growth Model. Why has this model been criticized intensively?

Q.3

Answer the following:
a). Indian Pharma Industry has to move from 'volume' to 'value' leadership to capture global market. Discuss.
b). Discuss the problems of floods and their management with special reference to Indo- Gangetic Plain.
c). Critically examine the role of petroleum energy resources on International Geopolitics with special reference to India.

Q.4

Answer the following:
a). With falling fertility rate and rising median age, how can India translate demographic dividend to economic dividend?
b). Poor quality of urban planning in India is a huge constraint in realizing the true economic potentials of urbanization. Critically examine.
c). Highlight the salient features of India's trade policy. Discuss the status of India's balance of trade with China.

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5

Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Identify the jute-producing areas and discuss the major causes of the decline of the jute mill industry in India.
b). Urban built environment in big cities of India creates key changes in the biophysical character of the landscape- Discuss.
c). Explain the geological characteristics and ecological significance of the Eastern Ghats.
d). Explain the cultural regions of India based on their cultural attributes.
e). Why are critical minerals essential for the economic development and national security in India?

Q.6

Answer the following:
a). A large number of Indian cities have a complex morphological characteristics due to their historical evolution. Elucidate.
b). Discuss the significance of organic farming for sustainable agricultural development in India.
c). Examine the geopolitical impact of bilateral relationship between India and Sri Lanka.

Q.7

Answer the following:
a). Discuss the green energy initiatives of India as a signatory nation to the Paris Agreement.
b). India's poultry sector has become one of the fastest-growing areas of the country's agricultural sector. Examine its opportunities and challenges.
c). Critically examine the ecological and economic impact of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area development.

Q.8

Answer the following:
a). Why India lags behind many other countries in agricultural productivity? Suggest suitable measures to raise productivity across the regions in a sustainable manner.
b). Assess the ecotourism potential of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep islands and highlight the challenges associated with the sustainable development of island territories.
c). Describe the regional variations of health indicators among the Indian States.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1

Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Define 'speleothem'. Discuss the various forms and features of speleothems.
b). What are the high altitude environmental hazards? Explain with suitable examples.
c). What is a pollution dome? Discuss its formation and impacts.
d). When corals are affected by stress it causes them to turn completely white. Explain the reasons for such an occurrence
e). Well-developed soils typically exhibit distinct layers in their soil profile. Elaborate.

Q.2

Answer the following:
a). Sequential changes in land use and land cover have brought global and regional ecological changes and imbalances. Elucidate.
b). Explain how various aspects of channel morphology are used in transportation, settlement, and land use planning, flood control, and flood management
c). What is the relationship between ocean currents and global surface wind systems? Explain with examples how the gyre in the Northern Hemisphere differs from the one in the Southern Hemisphere.

Q.3

Answer the following:
a). Plants and animals that exist in a particular ecosystem are those that have been successful in adjusting to their habitat and environmental conditions. Elucidate with examples.
b). With suitable examples describe the impacts of movement of airmasses on weather and winds in different parts of the continents.
c). Discuss the role of Slope, Altitude and Relief (SAR) in landscape development.

Q.4

Answer the following:
a). Rise of surface temperature brings severe consequences. Elaborate the potential changes and threats associated with it in the world.
b). Describe how short-term variations in temperature are related to the processes of receiving energy from the sun to the Earth's surface and dissipating it to the atmosphere.
c). With the help of suitable sketches describe the mountain genesis and mountain types. Give suitable examples from various mountain systems of the world.

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5

Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Analyse the effects of Globalisation on languages.
b). "Shifting global trade patterns create new opportunities". Examine this statement.
c). Examine the morphological factors that influence the origin and growth of towns.
d). Discuss the role of transportation accessibility in regional development.
e). Explain the geometrical boundaries with examples.

Q.6

Answer the following:
a). "Culture is a dynamic concept". Elucidate with examples.
b). "Automation is rapidly changing the economies of labour and will affect trade patterns in significant ways". Clarify.
c). "Overcrowding leads to the chronic problem of shortage of housing in Indian cities". Explain citing relevant examples.

Q.7

Answer the following:
a). "Climate change is a serious problem to global food security and poverty eradication". Critically examine.
b). Critically examine the significance of the Quantitative Revolution and its influence on the development of Geography.
c). Explain in detail the impact of regional disparities on economic development.

Q.8

Answer the following:
a). How migration is affected by push and pull factors? Explain how these factors play a role in understanding new settlement patterns.
b). Explain the relevance and applicability of Von Thunen's theory of Agriculture-location in today's world.
c). Discuss the concept of 'Rank-Size-Rule' given by G. K. Zipf. Is this rule relevant in the Indian context?

Q.1

Answer the following:
a). On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry.
(i) Tarangambadi
(ii) Mahe
(iii) Bomdila
(iv) Dhola Sadiya Bridge
(v) Talakaveri
(vi) Satkosia
(vii) Dholavira
(viii) Sonamarg
(ix) Maliku Atoll
(x) Gangasagar
b). Why has extreme particulate pollution remained a festering issue in the Delhi NCR region?
c). How do the physiography and climate of India explain the biological diversity of the country?
d). The process of desertification leads to soil desiccation and soil loss. Explain.

Q.2

Answer the following:
a). Critically examine the factors affecting the unpredictability of the southwest monsoon system in India.
b). The peninsular location of India provides scope for harnessing non-conventional energy resources. Discuss with examples.
c). Groundwater contamination in the fast-expanding urban landscape of India appears to have become a major public health issue. Discuss.

Q.3

Answer the following:
a). Discuss the recent changes brought about in institutional frameworks of agriculture in India. Evaluate its impact on the agrarian economy of the country.
b). Discuss the continuing disputes on water sharing between the riparian states of North-West India.
c). Soils of India, are clear reflections of the structure and process. Comment.

Q.4

Answer the following:
a). India is bestowed with rich mineral resources due to its geological structure. Correlate the above statement with large mineral belts of India.
b). Discuss the importance of 'Dry-land' farming in the drought-prone regions of India.
c). Incidence of extreme rainfall events and flash floods in recent times have led to devastating consequences for people living in low-lying areas and flood plains of the country. Discuss.

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5

Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Discuss the impact of the Forest Rights Act, of 2006 on the local forest communities in India.
b). Can the Panchayat Raj institutions play a role in grassroots-level planning in India? If yes, discuss how.
c). Discuss the significance of new ports on the Western Coast of India on the external trade of the country.
d). How would a decline in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) below the replacement level, in many states of India affect the future population structure of the country?
e). The Kalapani dispute has opened a new front on the India-Nepal international border. Explain.

Q.6

Answer the following:
a). Why do disparities in development and incomes between regions persist in large countries like India? How does the recent ADP plan address the issue?
b). Critically examine the role of the IRNSS-NavIc program on the satellite navigation system of India.
c). Examine the role of high population concentration in Indian slums in making them more vulnerable during pandemic conditions like COVID-19.

Q.7

Q.8

Answer the following:
a). How do agro-climatic and land capability indicators assist in the macro-agricultural regionalization of India? illustrate with an appropriate map.
b). Discuss the geopolitical significance of Quad in the Indo-Pacific realm with reference to marine trade in the region.
c). Evaluate the role of the National Food Security Act, 2013 in providing access to food to the poor in India.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1

Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). Describe the concept of 'Altiplanation'.
b). What are the important factors responsible for airmass modifications?
c). Discuss the hazards associated with the rise of sea-surface temperature,
d). Gene pool centers are a 'Good Hope' for biodiversity conservation. Elucidate.
e). Describe how ecosystem services of the Himalayas are essential for Highland-Lowland sustainability in Asia.

Q.2

Answer the following:
a). The concept of Plate tectonics has been derived from the isostasy and continental drift theory. Elaborate citing suitable examples.
b). Give a detailed account of the bottom topography of the Pacific Ocean.
c). Soil erosion and soil degradation are threats to the food supply. Discuss.

Q.3

Answer the following:
a). Examine major influencing factors for varied patterns of precipitations on the continents.
b). Maritime security is being neglected. Indicate the major challenges and suggest solutions in the context of the Law of the Sea.
c). Explaining the concept of carbon neutrality, describe the measures taken by carbon-positive and negative nations.

Q.4

Answer the following:
a). With suitable examples, elaborate human ecological adaptations. Explain its impacts on ecology and environment in various parts of the world.
b). Stream basins and drainage divides are important components to delineate a watershed area. Explain.
c). Indicating the causes of lightning, describe the threats associated with it.

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5

Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a). The interrelationships between social and spatial structure are complex. Explain in the context of socio-spatial dialectic.
b). How is energy transition seen as an instrument for achieving zero carbon by 2050?
c). Protected cultivation assists in healthier and larger produce. Justify with examples.
d). Explain the processes of contagion and hierarchical diffusion in addressing regional imbalances.
e). Examine the relevance of the Central Place Theory of Christaller in the present context.

Q.6

Answer the following:
a). Development-induced displacement poses serious challenges. Mention its causes, consequences, and solutions.
b). Describe the role of accessibility and affordability in food security of the developing world.
c). The environmental issues are not adequately addressed in the regional planning. Comment.

Q.7

Answer the following:
a). Suggest criteria, indicators and techniques for delimitation of formal regions.
b). Boundaries are important in geopolitics. Explain. What issues develop from the inclusionary and exclusionary aspects of borders?
c). Small number of mega cities are playing key role in organisation of global economics and culture. Explain.

Q.8

Answer the following:
a). Why is radicalism seen as a major paradigm shift in geography? Explain its causes, approaches and criticism.
b). Aging population has adverse social and economic consequences. Explain with examples.
c). Present a critical account of Alfred Weber Theory of industrial location.